Azido-modified nucleotide sugar donor substrate for fucosyltransferases; enables bioorthogonal click chemistry labeling of fucosylated glycans via azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC/SPAAC); used for glycan imaging and glycoproteomic profiling
Activated sugar nucleotide donor substrate for mannosyltransferases; essential for N-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis, GPI-anchor assembly, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) biosynthesis in plants
Activated nucleotide sugar donor substrate for fucosyltransferases (FUTs); essential for biosynthesis of fucosylated glycans including Lewis antigens, ABO blood group determinants, and core fucosylation of N-glycans
Alkyne-modified nucleotide sugar donor substrate for GalNAc-transferases (ppGalNAcTs) and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT); enables bioorthogonal click chemistry labeling of O-GalNAc glycans and O-GlcNAcylated proteins via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC); used for glycoproteomic profiling, glycan imaging, and metabolic labeling
Alkyne-modified nucleotide sugar donor substrate; used for remodeling of cell-surface glycans and O-GlcNAc profiling; the terminal alkyne handle enables bioorthogonal detection via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC); less susceptible to epimerization than the corresponding GalNAc analog; applied in glycoproteomic profiling, glycan imaging, and metabolic labeling